Case Study 1 & 2 (10 Points)
Students must review the case study and answer all questions with a scholarly response using APA and include 2 scholarly references. Answer both case studies on the same document and upload 1 document to Moodle.
The answers must be in your own words with reference to the journal or book where you found the evidence to your answer. Do not copy-paste or use past students’ work as all files submitted in this course are registered and saved in turn it in the program.
Answers must be scholarly and be 3-4 sentences in length with rationale and explanation. No Straight forward / Simple answer will be accepted.
Turn it in Score must be less than 25 % or will not be accepted for credit, must be your own work and in your own words. You can resubmit, Final submission will be accepted if less than 25 %. Copy paste from websites or textbooks will not be accepted or tolerated. Please see College Handbook with reference to Academic Misconduct Statement.
All answers to case studies must have reference cited in the text for each answer and a minimum of 2 Scholarly References (Journals, books) (No websites) per case Study
1. Critical Thinking Questions1.What is the relationship between levels of CD4 lymphocytes and the likelihood of clinical complications from AIDS?2.Why does the United States Public Health Service recommend monitoring CD4 counts every 3 to 6 months in patients infected with HIV?
2. Critical Thinking Questions1.Explain the significance of the urinalysis results as they relate to renal involvement with SLE.2.Why is the ESR increased in inflammatory conditions?
Answer
- The relationship between levels of CD4 lymphocytes and the likelihood of clinical complications from AIDS is a complex one. CD4 lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. In individuals infected with HIV, the virus attacks and destroys CD4 lymphocytes, leading to a decreased number of these cells in the blood. As the number of CD4 lymphocytes decreases, individuals become more susceptible to opportunistic infections and other complications of AIDS.
- The United States Public Health Service recommends monitoring CD4 counts every 3 to 6 months in patients infected with HIV because this allows healthcare providers to track the progression of the disease and make appropriate treatment decisions. By monitoring CD4 counts, healthcare providers can determine whether a patient is experiencing a decline in their immune function and adjust their treatment plan accordingly.
- The relationship between levels of CD4 lymphocytes and the likelihood of clinical complications from AIDS is a direct one. As CD4 counts decrease, the risk of developing opportunistic infections and other complications increases. This is because CD4 cells are an essential component of the immune system, and as their numbers decline, the body’s ability to fight off infections is compromised
- The United States Public Health Service recommends monitoring CD4 counts every 3 to 6 months in patients infected with HIV for several reasons. Firstly, CD4 counts are an important indicator of the progression of HIV infection and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. Secondly, regular monitoring allows for early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections and other complications. Finally, monitoring CD4 counts can help healthcare providers to adjust antiretroviral therapy as needed to optimize patient outcomes
- The significance of the urinalysis results as they relate to renal involvement with SLE is that they provide information about the function of the kidneys. Elevated levels of proteins and/or blood in the urine may indicate damage to the kidneys, which is a common complication of SLE. This information can be used to monitor the progression of renal disease and guide treatment decisions.
- The ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is increased in inflammatory conditions because it is a measure of the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube of blood. In the presence of inflammation, the plasma becomes more viscous and the red blood cells settle more quickly, resulting in an increased ESR. This can be used as an indicator of the presence and severity of inflammation.
The urinalysis results in this case study indicate renal involvement with SLE because they show the presence of protein and red blood cells in the urine. These are signs of kidney damage, which is a common complication of SLE. Proteinuria, or the presence of protein in the urine, can be a sign of damage to the glomeruli, the filtering units in the kidneys. Hematuria, or the presence of red blood cells in the urine, can indicate damage to the renal tubules.
- The ESR, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, is a measure of inflammation in the body. The ESR is typically increased in inflammatory conditions because as the number of inflammatory cells in the blood increases, the red blood cells begin to clump together and settle faster in a tube. This increase in the ESR can be used as a marker of inflammation and can help healthcare providers monitor the progression of conditions such as SLE.
References:
- Ledergerber, B., Egger, M., Opravil, M., Hirschel, B., Bernasconi, E., Battegay, M., & Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (2001). Changes in the CD4+ T-cell count and the risk of opportunistic infections. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(4), 239-246.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). HIV/AIDS surveillance report. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2017-vol-29.pdf
- Lahita, R. G. (Ed.). (2010). Systemic lupus erythematosus. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Silverman, E. D., & Weening, J. J. (Eds.). (2013). Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract. Elsevier Health Sciences.
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